Nicolae Sfetcu

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English auction

Thu, 03/18/2010 - 04:38

In an English auction (also called an Open-outcry auction), the auctioneer begins the auction with the reserve price (lowest acceptable price) and then takes larger and larger bids from the customers until no one will increase the bid. The item is then sold to the highest bidder.

Variations

There are many variations on this auction system. Sometimes, the reserve price is not revealed. The auctioneer might do this to prevent "rings", groups of bidders who promise not to outbid each other, lowering the final price. Also, bids may be made with signals instead of being called out. Such signals can include tugging an ear or raising a bidding paddle. This system reduces the noise from the auction. Another variation on the English auction is the open-exit auction, where the bidders must announce that they are dropping out of the bidding and they can't reenter. This tells more about how valuable people consider the item up for bid than a regular English auction. In France, when the last bid has been made in an auction for an art object, a member of the Louvre can say "Preemption de l'etat" (Pre-emption of the state) and buy the object for the highest bid.

Advantages and Disadvantages

An English auction has several advantages and disadvantages for both the buyers and the seller. Winner's curse is rampant in these auctions due to strong competition and inexperienced participants getting carried away in the heat of the moment. This is good for the seller. But, the object on sale can be bought for much less than its value if bidding is slow, and rings can take advantage of the nature of English auctions. A disadvantage for both buyers and sellers with the English auction is that everyone must be in communication over the course of the auction, which can be expensive and difficult.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia.

Antimicrobials

Wed, 03/17/2010 - 06:10

An antimicrobial is a substance that kills or inhibits the growth of microbes such as bacteria (antibacterial activity), fungi (antifungal activity), viruses (antiviral activity), or parasites (anti-parasitic activity).

Main classes Antibiotics

Antibiotics are generally used to treat bacterial infections. The toxicity to humans and other animals from antibiotics are generally considered to be low. However, prolonged use of certain antibiotics can decrease the number of gut flora, which can have a negative impact on health. Some recommend that during or after prolonged antibiotic use, that one should consume probiotics and eat reasonably to replace destroyed gut flora.

The term antibiotic originally described only those formulations derived from living organisms but is now applied also to synthetic antimicrobials, such as the sulfonamides.

The discovery, development, and clinical use of antibiotics during the 20th century have substantially decreased the morbidity and mortality from bacterial infections. The antibiotic era began with the therapeutic application of sulfonamide drugs in 1936, followed by a “golden” period of discovery from approximately 1945 to 1970, when a number of structurally diverse, highly effective agents were discovered and developed. However, since 1980 the introduction of new antimicrobial agents for clinical use has declined. Paralleled to this there has been an alarming increase in bacterial resistance to existing agents.[1] Antibiotics are among the most commonly used drugs. For example, 30% or more hospitalized patients are treated with one or more courses of antibiotic therapy. However, antibiotics are also among the drugs commonly misused by physicians, e.g. usage of antibiotic agents in viral respiratory tract infection. The inevitable consequence of widespread and injudicious use of antibiotics has been the emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens, resulting in the emergence of a serious threat to global public health. The resistance problem demands that a renewed effort be made to seek antibacterial agents effective against pathogenic bacteria resistant to current antibiotics. One of the possible strategies towards this objective is the rational localization of bioactive phytochemicals.

Traditional healers have long used plants to prevent or cure infectious disease. Many of these plants have been investigated scientifically for antimicrobial activity and a large number of plant products have been shown to inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms. A number of these agents appear to have structures and modes of action that are distinct from those of the antibiotics in current use, suggesting that cross-resistance with agents already in use may be minimal. So, it is worthwhile to study plants and plant products for activity against resistant bacteria.

Essential oils

Many essential oils are included in pharmacopoeias as having antimicrobial activity, including:

Oregano oil - in alternative medicine
Tea tree oil - in cosmetics, medicine
Mint oil - in medicine, cosmetics (tooth paste etc.)
Sandalwood oil - in cosmetics
Clove oil - stomatology etc.
Nigella sativa (Black cumin) oil
Onion oil (Allium cepe) - phytoncides, in phytotherapy
Leleshwa oil
Lavender oil
Lemon oil
Eucalyptus oil
Peppermint oil
Cinnamon oil
Clove oil

Cations and elements

Many heavy metal cations such as Hg2+, Cu2+, and Pb2+ have antimicrobial activities, but are also very toxic to other living organisms, thus making them unsuitable for treating infectious diseases.

Ionic Silver is an excellent antimicrobial, with relatively low toxicity against non-target organisms. However, prolonged high intake of ionic silver may lead to health problems, such as argyria. In an inorganic matrix, silver ions are slowly released via an ion-exchange mechanism. The release of silver ions from the surface is slow, but just fast enough to maintain an effective concentration at and near the surface of the material. Once the silver ion leaves the surface of the matrix and reaches the surface of the microorganism, its mechanism of antimicrobial action begins. Uptake of silver ions by a microbial cell can occur by several mechanisms, including passive diffusion and active transport by systems that normally transport essential ions.

While the silver ions may bind non-specifically to cell surfaces and cause disruptions in cellular membrane function, it is widely believed that the antimicrobial properties of silver depend upon silver binding within the cell. Once inside the cell, silver ions begin to interrupt critical functions of the microorganism. Silver ions are highly reactive and readily bind to electron donor groups containing sulphur, oxygen and nitrogen, as well as negatively charged groups such as phosphates and chlorides. A prime molecular target for the silver ion resides in cellular thiol (-SH) groups, commonly found in critical proteins called enzymes. Enzymes become denatured because of conformational changes in the molecule that result from silver ion binding. Many of the enzymes that silver ions denature are necessary in the cellular generation of energy.

If the energy source of the cell is incapacitated, the cell cannot maintain osmotic pressure, necessary substrates leak out of the cell and the microbe will quickly die. In addition to the well-known reaction of silver ions and proteins, several studies suggest that silver ions react with the base pairs of DNA, interfering with DNA replication. Studies on silver nanoparticles have shown antimicrobial activity, including activity against pathogenic Escherichia coli and HIV.

Reference

^ Levy SB (ed) (1994) Drug Resistance: The New Apocalypse (special issue) Trends Microbiol 2: 341–425

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia.

Technorati Tags: antibiotics antimicrobials bacteria cations classes Drugs elements essential oils fungi microbes parasites viruses antimicrobials microbes bacteria fungi viruses parasites classes antibiotics essential oils cations elements

ISO 3166-1 and ccTLDs

Tue, 03/16/2010 - 06:57

ISO 3166-1 codes not used as ccTLDs

The codes EH and KP, although theoretically available as ccTLDs for Western Sahara and North Korea, have never been assigned and do not exist in DNS. Similarly, the code CS (Serbia and Montenegro) is not assigned an operator (cs was previously assigned to Czechoslovakia). TL (post-independence East Timor), is now being introduced to replace TP.

All other current ISO 3166-1 codes have been assigned and do exist in DNS. However, some of these are effectively unused. In particular, the ccTLDs for the Norwegian dependency Bouvet Island (bv) and the designation Svalbard and Jan Mayen (sj) do exist in DNS, but no subdomains have been assigned, and it is Norid policy not to assign any at present. Only one subdomain is still registered in gb (ISO 3166-1 for United Kingdom) and no new registrations are being accepted for it. Sites in the UK generally use uk (see below).

ccTLDs not in ISO 3166-1

Six ccTLDs are currently in use despite not being ISO 3166-1 two-letter codes. Some of these codes were in older ISO 3166-1 two-letter codes (now listed in ISO 3166-3).

uk (United Kingdom): The ISO 3166-1 code for the United Kingdom is GB, however the JANET network had already selected uk as a top-level identifier for its pre-existing Name Registration Scheme, and this was incorporated into the top-level domains. gb was assigned with the intention of a transition, but this never occurred and the use of uk is now entrenched.
su (the obsolete ISO 3166-1 code for Soviet Union): The su managers stated in 2001 they will commence accepting new su registrations, but it is unclear whether this action is compatible with ICANN policy.
ac (Ascension Island): This code is a vestige of IANA's decision in 1996 to allow the use of codes reserved in the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 reserve list for use by the Universal Postal Union. The decision was later reversed, with Ascension Island now the sole outlier. (Three other ccTLDs, gg (Guernsey), im (Isle of Man) and je (Jersey) also fell under this category from 1996 until they received corresponding ISO 3166 codes in March 2006.)
eu (European Union): On September 25, 2000, ICANN decided to allow the use of any two-letter code in the ISO 3166-1 reserve list that is reserved for all purposes. Only EU currently meets this criterion. Following a decision by the EU's Council of Telecommunications Ministers in March 2002, progress was slow, but a registry (named EURid) was chosen by the European Commission, and criteria for allocation set: ICANN approved eu as a ccTLD, and it opened for registration on 7 December 2005 for the holders of prior rights. Since 7 April 2006, registration is open to all.
tp (the previous ISO 3166-1 code for East Timor): To be phased out in favour of tl during 2005.
yu (the previous ISO 3166-1 code for Serbia and Montenegro, when it was still known as Yugoslavia)

Historical ccTLDs

There are two ccTLDs which have been deleted after the corresponding 2-letter code was withdrawn from ISO 3166-1, namely cs (for Czechoslovakia) and zr (for Zaire). There had also been a ccTLD for the GDR, dd, which was never used at all. There may be a significant delay between withdrawal from ISO 3166-1 and deletion from the DNS; for example, ZR ceased to be an ISO 3166-1 code in 1997, but the zr ccTLD was not deleted until 2001. Other ccTLDs corresponding to obsolete ISO 3166-1 have not yet been deleted; in some cases they may never be deleted due to the amount of disruption this would cause for a heavily used ccTLD. In particular, the Soviet Union's ccTLD su remains in use more than a decade after SU was removed from ISO 3166-1.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia.

Technorati Tags: ccTLD Domain names ISO 3166-1 ISO 3166-1 ccTLD

List of dog breeds

Mon, 03/15/2010 - 01:33

Dogs have been selectively bred for thousands of years, sometimes by inbreeding dogs from the same ancestral lines, sometimes by mixing dogs from very different lines. The process continues today, resulting in a tremendous variety of dog breeds.

The following list uses a wide interpretation of "breed". Breeds listed here may be traditional breeds with long histories as registered breeds, rare breeds with their own registries, or new breeds that may still be under development. Please see individual articles for more information.

Breed categories

This Chihuahua mix and Great Dane show some of the tremendous variety of dog breeds.

Dog breeds can be divided into different categories, such as:

Hunting
- Hounds, including Sight hounds and Scent hounds
- Gundogs, including Pointers, Retrievers, and Spaniels
- Terrier
- Cur
Working (or Utility)
- Herding, including Sheepdogs
- Sled dog
Bulldogs
Extinct dog breeds
Fighting dogs
Toy

Dog breeds can also be grouped into similar types such as mastiff types, spitz types, pit bulls, or Lurchers.

Dog breed list

Dog breeds include:

Contents: Top - 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

A Af-Am

Affenpinscher
Afghan Hound
Africanis
Aidi
Airedale Terrier
Akbash Dog
Akita, see also American Akita
Alano Español
Alapaha Blue Blood Bulldog
Alaskan Klee Kai
Alaskan husky
Alaskan Malamute
Alopekis
Alpine Dachsbracke
Alp Mastiff (Cane Garouf)
Alsatian - see German Shepherd Dog
American Akita - see Great Japanese Dog
American Bulldog, including

JDJ American Bulldog
Scott's American Bulldog
Southern White American Bulldog

American Cocker Spaniel
American English Coonhound
American Eskimo Dog
American Foxhound
American Hairless Terrier
American Husky - see Canadian Eskimo Dog
American Mastiff
American Pit Bull Terrier
American Staghound
American Staffordshire Terrier
American Water Spaniel

An-Az

Anatolian Shepherd Dog
Anglo-Francais de Petite Venerie
Appenzeller Sennenhund
Arctic Husky - see Siberian Husky
Argentine Dogo
Ariege Pointer
Ariegeois
Artois Hound
Australian Bulldog
Australian Cattle Dog
Australian Jack Russell Terrier - see also Jack Russell Terrier, Parson Russell Terrier and Russell Terrier
Australian Kelpie
Australian Koolie - see Koolie
Australian Shepherd
Australian Silky Terrier
Australian Stumpy Tail Cattle Dog
Australian Terrier
Austrian Brandlbracke
Azawakh

B Ba-Be

Balkan Hound - see Serbian Hound
Bandog
Barbet
Basenji
Basset Artésien Normand
Basset Bleu de Gascogne
Basset Fauve de Bretagne
Basset Hound
Bavarian Mountain Hound
Beagle
Beagle-Harrier
Bearded Collie
Bearded Tibetan Mastiff - seeTibetan Kyi Apso
Beauceron
Bedlington Terrier
Belgian Griffon
Belgian Shepherd Dog, often divided into:

Belgian Shepherd Dog (Groenendael)
Belgian Shepherd Dog (Laekenois)
Belgian Shepherd Dog (Malinois)
Belgian Shepherd Dog (Tervueren)

Bergamasco
Berger Blanc Suisse
Berger Picard
Bernese Mountain Dog (Berner Sennenhund)

Bi-Bo

Bichon Frisé
Biewer
Billy
Black and Tan Coonhound
Black Mouth Cur
Black Russian Terrier
Bloodhound
Blue Heeler - see Australian Cattle Dog
Blue Paul Terrier
Blue Picardy Spaniel
Bluetick Coonhound
Boerboel
Bolognese
Bolonka
Border Collie
Border Terrier
Borzoi
Bosanski Ostrodlaki Gonic Barak
Bosnian Tornjak
Boston Terrier
Bouvier Bernois - see Bernese Mountain Dog
Bouvier des Ardennes
Bouvier des Flandres
Boxer
Boykin Spaniel

Br-Bu

Bracco Italiano
Braque d'Auvergne
Braque du Bourbonnais
Braque Francais (Gascogne type)
Braque Francais (Pyrenean type)
Braque Saint-Germain
Brazilian Mastiff - see Fila Brasileiro
Brazilian Terrier
Briard
Briquet Griffon Vendeen
Brittany
Broholmer
Brussels Griffon - see Griffon Bruxellois
Bucovina - see Ciobãnesc de Bucovina
Bull Terrier
Bull Terrier (Miniature)
Bull and Terrier
Bulldog
Bullmastiff
Bully Kutta

C Ca-Ci

Ca de Bou - see Perro de Presa Mallorquin
Cairn Terrier
Canaan Dog
Canadian Eskimo Dog (Canadian Inuit Dog)
Cane Corso
Cão da Serra da Estrela - see Estrela Mountain Dog
Cão da Serra de Aires
Cão de Água Português - see Portuguese Water Dog
Cão de Castro Laboreiro
Cão de Fila de São Miguel
Cão de Fila da Terceira
Cão de Gado Transmontano
Caravan Hound - see Mudhol Hound
Cardigan Welsh Corgi
Carpatin
Catahoula Bulldog
Catahoula Leopard Dog (Catahoula Cur or Catahoula Hog Dog)
Catahoula Bulldog
Catalan Sheepdog
Caucasian Ovcharka
Cavalier King Charles Spaniel
Central Asia Shepherd Dog
Cesky Fousek
Cesky Terrier
Chart Polski
Chesapeake Bay Retriever
Chihuahua
Chinese Crested Dog
Chindo - see Korea Jindo Dog
Chinook
Chippiparai
Chow Chow
Ciobănesc de Bucovina
Cirneco dell'Etna

Cl-Cz

Clumber Spaniel
Cockapoo
Cocker Spaniel - see American Cocker Spaniel or English Cocker Spaniel
Collie - see Rough Collie, Smooth Collie, Bearded Collie or Border Collie
Coolie - see Koolie
Cordoba Fighting Dog
Corgi - see Welsh Corgi, Cardigan Welsh Corgi and Pembroke Welsh Corgi
Coton de Tulear
Croatian Sheepdog
Cur - see also Black Mouth Cur, Catahoula Leopard Dog, Mountain Cur, Stephens Cur, and Treeing Cur
Curly Coated Retriever
Czechoslovakian Wolfdog

Dachshund
Dalmatian
Dandie Dinmont Terrier
Danish Broholmer
Danish/Swedish Farm Dog
Deerhound
Deutsch Drahthaar - see German Wirehaired Pointer
Deutsche Bracke
Deutscher Wachtelhund
Dhoki apso - see Tibetan Terrier
Do-Khyi - see Tibetan Mastiff
Dobermann (Doberman Pinscher)
Dogo Cubano
Dogo Guatemalteco - see Guatemalan Bull Terrier
Dogue de Bordeaux
Dogue de Majorque - see Perro de Presa Mallorquin
Drentse Patrijshond (Dutch Partridge Dog)
Drever
Dunker
Dutch Shepherd Dog - See Hollandse Herder
Dutch Smoushond

East Siberian Laika
English Cocker Spaniel
English Coonhound
English Foxhound
English Mastiff
English Pointer
English Setter
English Shepherd
English Springer Spaniel
English Toy Spaniel - see King Charles Spaniel
English Toy Terrier (Black & Tan)
English White Terrier
Entlebucher Mountain Dog/Sennenhund/Cattle Dog
Epagneul Picard - see Picardy Spaniel
Epagneul Pont-Audemer - see Pont-Audemer Spaniel
Eskimo Dog (Esquimaux) - see Canadian Eskimo Dog
Estonian Hound
Estrela Mountain Dog
Eurasier
Eurohound

Feist
Field Spaniel
Fila Brasileiro
Finnish Hound
Finnish Lapphund
Finnish Spitz
Flat-Coated Retriever
Foxhound - divided into American Foxhound, English Foxhound
Fox Terrier - divided into Fox Terrier (Smooth), Fox Terrier (Wire), Miniature Fox Terrier, Toy Fox Terrier
Francais Blanc et Noir
Francais Blanc et Orange
Francais Tricolore
Franzuskaya Bolonka
French Bulldog
French Spaniel
French Wirehaired Pointing Griffon

G Ga-Go

Galgo Español
Gawii
German Longhaired Pointer
German Pinscher
German Rough-haired Pointer
German Shepherd Dog
German Shorthaired Pointer
German Spaniel - see Deutscher Wachtelhund
German Spitz - divided into:

German Spitz (Gross)
German Spitz (Klein)
German Spitz (Mittel)

German Wirehaired Pointer
Giant Schnauzer
Glen of Imaal Terrier
Goldendoodle
Golden Retriever
Gonczy Polski - see Polish Scenthound
Gordon Setter
Gos d'atura - see Catalan Sheepdog

Grand Anglo-Francais Blanc et Noir
Grand Anglo-Francais Blanc et Orange
Grand Anglo-Francais Tricolore
Grand Basset Griffon Vendeen
Grand Bleu de Gascogne
Grand Gascon Saintongeois
Grand Griffon Vendeen
Gran Mastin de Borínquen
Great Dane
Great Japanese Dog
Great Pyrenees - see Pyrenean Mountain Dog
Greater Swiss Mountain Dog (Grosser Schweizer Sennenhund)
Greek Harehound
Greenland Dog (Greenland Husky)
Greyhound
Griffon Bleu de Gascogne
Griffon Bruxellois
Griffon Fauve de Bretagne
Griffon Nivernais
Groenendael - see Belgian Shepherd Dog (Groenendael)
Guatemalan Bull Terrier (Dogo Guatemalteco)
Gull Dong
Gull Terr

Hairless Khala
Haldenstovare
Hamiltonstövare
Hanover Hound
Harrier
Havanese
Himalayan Sheepdog
Hokkaido
Hollandse Herder (Dutch Shepherd dog)
Hovawart
Hungarian Greyhound - see Magyar Agar
Hungarian Vizsla
Hungarian Wirehaired Vizsla - see Hungarian Vizsla
Huntaway
Hygenhund

Ibizan Hound
Icelandic Sheepdog
Indian Bullterrier
Irish Bull Terrier
Irish Red and White Setter
Irish Setter
Irish Staffordshire Terrier
Irish Terrier
Irish Water Spaniel
Irish Wolfhound
Istarski Kratkodlaki Gonic
Istarski Ostrodlaki Gonic (Istrian Coarse-Haired Hound)
Istrian Sheepdog
Italian Greyhound
Italian Spinone - see Spinone Italiano

Jack Russell Terrier - see also Australian Jack Russell Terrier, Parson Russell Terrier and Russell Terrier
Jagdterrier
Jämthund
Japanese Chin
Japanese Mastiff, see Tosa
Japanese Spitz
Japanese Terrier
Jindo - see Korea Jindo Dog
Jonangi

Kai Ken
Kangal Dog
Kanni
Karelian Bear Dog
Kars Dog
Keeshond
Kelpie - see Australian Kelpie
Kelb-tal Fenek - see Pharaoh Hound
Kerry Blue Terrier
King Charles Spaniel
Kishu
Kombai
Komondor
Kooikerhondje
Koolie
Korea Jindo Dog
Korean Mastiff
Korthals Griffon - see Wirehaired Pointing Griffon
Krasky Ovcar - see Istrian Sheepdog
Kromfohrlander
Kuvasz
Kyi Leo

Labradoodle
Labrador Retriever
Laekenois - see Belgian Shepherd Dog (Laekenois)
Lagotto Romagnolo
Lakeland Terrier
Lancashire Heeler
Landseer (Continental-European type) - see also Newfoundland
Lapinporokoira
Large Munsterlander
Leonberger
Lhasa Apso
Llewellyn Setter - see English Setter
Löwchen

Mackenzie River husky
Magyar Agar
Malinois - see Belgian Shepherd Dog (Malinois)
Maltese
Maltipoo
Manchester Terrier
Maremma Sheepdog
Mastiff - see English Mastiff
McNab
Meliteo Kinidio
Mexican Hairless Dog
Middle Asian Owtcharka - see Central Asia Shepherd Dog
Miniature Australian Shepherd
Miniature Bull Terrier - see Bull Terrier (Miniature)
Miniature Fox Terrier
Miniature Pinscher
Miniature Schnauzer
Mioritic
Mixed-breed dog
Moscovskaya Storozhevaya Sobaka (Moscow Watchdog)
Mountain Burmese
Mountain Cur
Mudi
Mudhol Hound
Munsterlander - see Large Munsterlander or Small Munsterlander

Neapolitan Mastiff
Nebolish Mastiff
Newfoundland
Norfolk Terrier
Norrbottenspets
Northern Inuit -- see Utonagan
Norwegian Buhund
Norwegian Elkhound
Norwegian Lundehund
Norwich Terrier
Nova Scotia Duck-Tolling Retriever

Old Danish Pointer
Old English Sheepdog
Old English Bulldog
Olde Englishe Bulldogge
Osterreichischer Kurzhaariger Pinscher
Otterhound
Otto - see Alapaha Blue Blood Bulldog
Owczarek Podhalanski

P Pa-Pl

Panja, see American Mastiff
Papillon
Parson Russell Terrier - see also Australian Jack Russell Terrier, Jack Russell Terrier and Russell Terrier
Patterdale Terrier
Pekeapoo
Pekingese
Pembroke Welsh Corgi
Perdiguero de Burgos
Perro Cimarron
Perro de Pastor Mallorquin
Perro de Presa Canario
Perro de Presa Mallorquin
Perro de Toro
Peruvian Hairless Dog (Perro Peruano sin Pelo)
Peruvian Inca Orchid
Petit Basset Griffon Vendeen
Petit Bleu de Gascogne
Petit Brabancon
Petit Gascon Saintongeois
Phalène
Pharaoh Hound
Phung San
Picardy Shepherd - see Berger Picard
Picardy Spaniel
Pinscher - see Affenpinscher, Austrian Short-Haired Pinscher, Dobermann, German Pinscher, Miniature Pinscher, Swiss Shorthaired Pinscher
Pit Bull - see American Pit Bull Terrier, American Staffordshire Terrier, American Bulldog, Staffordshire Bull Terrier
Plott Hound

Po-Py

Podenco Canario
Pointer - see English Pointer
Poitevin
Polish Scenthound (Gonczy Polski)
Polish Greyhound - see Chart Polski
Polish Sighthound - see Chart Polski
Polish Hound (Polish Ogar)
Polish Lowland Sheepdog (Polski Owczarek Nizinny or PON)
Polish Tatra Sheepdog - see Owczarek Podhalanski
Pomeranian
Pont-Audemer Spaniel
Poodle
Porcelaine
Portuguese Podengo
Portuguese Pointer
Portuguese Shepherd Dog - see Cao da Serra de Aires
Portuguese Water Dog
Posavac Hound
Prazsky Krysavik
Pudelpointer
Pug
Puggle
Puli
Pumi
Pyrenean Mastiff
Pyrenean Mountain Dog
Pyrenean Shepherd

Queensland Heeler - see Australian Cattle Dog

Rafeiro do Alentejo
Rajapalayam
Rampur Greyhound
Ratonero Bodeguero Andaluz
Rat Terrier
Redbone Coonhound
Rhodesian Ridgeback
Rottweiler
Rough Collie
Russian Black Terrier - see Black Russian Terrier
Russian Hound
Russian Spaniel
Russian Toy Terrier
Russian Tsvetnaya Bolonka - see Tsvetnaya Bolonka
Russko-Evropeiskaia Laika
Russell Terrier - see also Australian Jack Russell Terrier, Jack Russell Terrier and Parson Russell Terrier

S Sa-Se

Saarlooswolfhond
Sabueso Espanol
Saluki
Samoyed
Sapsali
Šarplaninac
Schapendoes
Schillerstovare
Schipperke
Schnauzer - divided into Miniature Schnauzer, Standard Schnauzer, Giant Schnauzer
Schnoodle
Schweizer Laufhund
Schweizer Niederlaufhund
Scottish Deerhound - see Deerhound
Scottish Terrier
Sealyham Terrier
Segugio Italiano
Seppala Siberian Sleddog
Serbian Hound
Serbian Mountain Hound
Serbian Tricolour Hound

Sh-Sp

Shar Pei
Shetland Sheepdog
Shiba Inu
Shih Tzu
Shikoku
Shiloh Shepherd Dog
Siberian Husky
Silken Windhound
Silky Terrier - see Australian Silky Terrier
Sindh Mastiff - see Indian Mastiff
Skye Terrier
Sloughi
Slovak Cuvac
Slovakian Hound
Slovensky Hrubosrsty Stavac (Ohar)
Smalandsstovare
Small Greek Domestic Dog - see Meliteo Kinidio
Small Munsterlander
Smooth Collie
Smooth Fox Terrier - see Fox Terrier (Smooth)
Soft-Coated Wheaten Terrier
South Russian Ovtcharka
Spanish Alano - see Alano Español
Spanish Galgo - see Galgo Espanol
Spanish Mastiff
Spanish Water Dog
Spinone Italiano
Spitz -- see Spitz for a list of Spitz-type breeds
Springer Spaniel - see English Springer Spaniel or Welsh Springer Spaniel

St-Sw

St. Bernard
Stabyhoun
Staffordshire Bull Terrier
Standard Schnauzer
Stephens Cur
Styrian Coarse-haired Hound
Sussex Spaniel
Swedish Elkhound - see Jämthund
Swedish Lapphund
Swedish Vallhund
Swiss Shorthaired Pinscher

Tatra Shepherd Dog - see Owczarek Podhalanski
Tenterfield Terrier
Tervuren - See Belgian Shepherd Dog (Tervueren)
Thai Bangkaew Dog
Thai Ridgeback
Teddy Roosevelt Terrier
Tibetan Kyi Apso
Tibetan Lhasa Apso - see Lhasa Apso
Tibetan Mastiff
Tibetan Spaniel
Tibetan Terrier
Tosa
Toy Bulldog
Toy Fox Terrier
Toy Manchester Terrier
Toy Mi-Ki
Transylvanian Hound
Treeing Cur
Treeing Tennessee Brindle
Treeing Walker Coonhound
Tsvetnaya Bolonka
Tyrolean Hound

Utonagan

Valley Bulldog
Vizsla - see Hungarian Vizsla
Volpino Italiano

Weimaraner
Welsh Corgi

Cardigan Welsh Corgi
Pembroke Welsh Corgi

Welsh Springer Spaniel
Welsh Terrier
West Highland White Terrier
West Siberian Laika
Westphalian Dachsbracke
Wetterhoun
Whippet
White Shepherd Dog - see Berger Blanc Suisse
Wilkinson Bulldog
Wire Fox Terrier - see Fox Terrier (Wire)
Wirehaired Pointing Griffon

Xoloitzcuintle - see Mexican Hairless

Yorkshire Terrier
Yugoslavian Mountain Hound - see Serbian Mountain Hound
Yugoslavian Tricolour Hound - see Serbian Tricolour Hound

Links

Lists of recognized breeds for major kennel clubs as listed in breed boxes in all dog breed articles:
- breed list.cfm" class="external text"> American Kennel Club (United States)
- group.html" class="external text">Australian National Kennel Council
- Canadian Kennel Club
- Fédération Cynologique Internationale (most of Europe)
- The Kennel Club (United Kingdom)
- New Zealand Kennel Club
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Matthew 05

Sat, 03/13/2010 - 05:45

5:1 And seeing great masses of people he went up into the mountain; and when he was seated his disciples came to him.

5:2 And with these words he gave them teaching, saying,

5:3 Happy are the poor in spirit: for the kingdom of heaven is theirs.

5:4 Happy are those who are sad: for they will be comforted.

5:5 Happy are the gentle: for the earth will be their heritage.

5:6 Happy are those whose heart's desire is for righteousness: for they will have their desire.

5:7 Happy are those who have mercy: for they will be given mercy.

5:8 Happy are the clean in heart: for they will see God.

5:9 Happy are the peacemakers: for they will be named sons of God.

5:10 Happy are those who are attacked on account of righteousness: for the kingdom of heaven will be theirs.

5:11 Happy are you when men give you a bad name, and are cruel to you, and say all evil things against you falsely, because of me.

5:12 Be glad and full of joy; for great is your reward in heaven: for so were the prophets attacked who were before you.

5:13 You are the salt of the earth; but if its taste goes from the salt, how will you make it salt again? it is then good for nothing but to be put out and crushed under foot by men.

5:14 You are the light of the world. A town put on a hill may be seen by all.

5:15 And a burning light is not put under a vessel, but on its table; so that its rays may be shining on all who are in the house.

5:16 Even so let your light be shining before men, so that they may see your good works and give glory to your Father in heaven.

5:17 Let there be no thought that I have come to put an end to the law or the prophets. I have not come for destruction, but to make complete.

5:18 Truly I say to you, Till heaven and earth come to an end, not the smallest letter or part of a letter will in any way be taken from the law, till all things are done.

5:19 Whoever then goes against the smallest of these laws, teaching men to do the same, will be named least in the kingdom of heaven; but he who keeps the laws, teaching others to keep them, will be named great in the kingdom of heaven.

5:20 For I say to you, If your righteousness is not greater than the righteousness of the scribes and Pharisees, you will never go into the kingdom of heaven.

5:21 You have knowledge that it was said in old times, You may not put to death; and, Whoever puts to death will be in danger of being judged:

5:22 But I say to you that everyone who is angry with his brother will be in danger of being judged; and he who says to his brother, Raca, will be in danger from the Sanhedrin; and whoever says, You foolish one, will be in danger of the hell of fire.

5:23 If then you are making an offering at the altar and there it comes to your mind that your brother has something against you,

5:24 While your offering is still before the altar, first go and make peace with your brother, then come and make your offering.

5:25 Come to an agreement quickly with him who has a cause against you at law, while you are with him on the way, for fear that he may give you up to the judge and the judge may give you to the police and you may be put into prison.

5:26 Truly I say to you, You will not come out from there till you have made payment of the very last farthing.

5:27 You have knowledge that it was said, You may not have connection with another man's wife:

5:28 But I say to you that everyone whose eyes are turned on a woman with desire has had connection with her in his heart.

5:29 And if your right eye is a cause of trouble to you, take it out and put it away from you; because it is better to undergo the loss of one part, than for all your body to go into hell.

5:30 And if your right hand is a cause of trouble to you, let it be cut off and put it away from you; because it is better to undergo the loss of one part, than for all your body to go into hell.

5:31 Again, it was said, Whoever puts away his wife has to give her a statement in writing for this purpose:

5:32 But I say to you that everyone who puts away his wife for any other cause but the loss of her virtue, makes her false to her husband; and whoever takes her as his wife after she is put away, is no true husband to her.

5:33 Again, you have knowledge that it was said in old times, Do not take false oaths, but give effect to your oaths to the Lord:

5:34 But I say to you, Take no oaths at all: not by the heaven, because it is the seat of God;

5:35 Or by the earth, because it is the resting-place for his foot; or by Jerusalem, because it is the town of the great King.

5:36 You may not take an oath by your head, because you are not able to make one hair white or black.

5:37 But let your words be simply, Yes or No: and whatever is more than these is of the Evil One.

5:38 You have knowledge that it was said, An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth:

5:39 But I say to you, Do not make use of force against an evil man; but to him who gives you a blow on the right side of your face let the left be turned.

5:40 And if any man goes to law with you and takes away your coat, do not keep back your robe from him.

5:41 And whoever makes you go one mile, go with him two.

5:42 Give to him who comes with a request, and keep not your property from him who would for a time make use of it.

5:43 You have knowledge that it was said, Have love for your neighbour, and hate for him who is against you:

5:44 But I say to you, Have love for those who are against you, and make prayer for those who are cruel to you;

5:45 So that you may be the sons of your Father in heaven; for his sun gives light to the evil and to the good, and he sends rain on the upright man and on the sinner.

5:46 For if you have love for those who have love for you, what credit is it to you? do not the tax-farmers the same?

5:47 And if you say, Good day, to your brothers only, what do you do more than others? do not even the Gentiles the same?

5:48 Be then complete in righteousness, even as your Father in heaven is complete.

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